Quoting exnihilo from 02:40, 14th Apr 2005
How can I say definitively? I can't. But far wiser heads than mine, people who have made this their lives' work are of the opinion that the books of Moses are the works of several scribes, written down at a later date.
Having studied Higher Criticsm, I am aware of these fancies - and that is a considered opinion after intensive sudy over several years. Neither is it mine alone:
There is the evidence from a (secular) archaelogist - William G. Dever - that the writings of the Old Testament, at least from the 13th century B.C - the time of the Judges - are contemporary of the period in which the events occurred. For a review of his book What Did the Biblical Writers Know & When Did They Know It?, 2001, see: http://stromata.tripod.com/id279.htm
And for those of you who hold to the "revisionist" theories of the New Testament, here is a quotation from a book written by a New Testamnet scholar who actually set out to write a satire of the idea that the New Testament had been written early:
There is a world - I do not say a world in which all scholars live but one at any rate into which all of them sometimes stray, and which some of them seem permanently to inhabit - which is not the world in which I live. In my world, if The Times and The Telegraph both tell one story in somewhat different terms, nobody concludes that one of them must have copied the other, nor that the variations in the story have some esoteric significance.
But in that world of which I am speaking this would be taken for granted. There, no story is ever derived from facts but always from somebody else's version of the same story... In my world, almost every book, except some of those produced by Government departments, is written by one author. In that world almost every book is produced by a committee, and some of them by a whole series of committees. In my world, if I read that Mr. Churchill, in 1935, said that Europe was heading for a disastrous war, I applaud his foresight. In that world no prophecy, however vaguely worded, is ever made except after the event. In my world we say, 'The first world-war took place in 1914-1918.' In that world they say, 'The world-war narrative took shape in the third decade of the twentieth century.' In my world men and women live for a considerable time - seventy, eighty, even a hundred years - and they are equipped with a thing called memory. In that world (it would appear) they come into being, write a book, and forthwith perish, all in a flash, and it is noted of them with astonishment that they 'preserve traces of primitive tradition' about things which happened well within their own adult lifetime.
From John Who Saw, by A. H. N Green-Armytage, 1952, 12f. Quoted in Redating the New Testament, John A. T. Robinson, 1976.
John Robinson was a liberal Anglican bishop who began this book as, "a theological joke": "I thought I would see how far one could get with the hypothesis that the whole of the New Testament was written before 70", the year in which the Roman army sacked and burned the Temple of Jerusalem.
He got much further than he expected. See: http://stromata.tripod.com/id119.htm
For further information on early dating of the New Testament writings see: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/7547/ntmss.html
Quoting exnihilo from 02:40, 14th Apr 2005Even if that were not so, it is generally accepted that Moses wrote the Torah down towards the end of his life, having preserved the parshiot orally until then. (Consider also the nature of the Torah, written without vowels or punctuation - knowledge of how to read it was passed along orally, until written down later.)
It is also the case that Judaism acknowledges an "oral Torah" which is incorporated later in such writings as the Gemara and Midrash (the Midrash was handed down orally from Moses himself until written in the 2nd Century CE). You will also note that the Great Assembly following the Babylonian Exile, under Ezra, made a number of changes to the text of the Tanakh, and therefore to the modern Bible - largely interpretation necessitated by the dearth of earlier scrolls and based, therefore, on memory.
As for your statement regarding the "discovery" of the Torah in the Temple, you should be aware that it was, traditionally, only one of 13 Torah scrolls written by Moses. I in no sense dispute there was writing in the time of Moses as you seem to suggest - I point out again that I am an historian - all I say is that there is strong evidence that Moses did not act as a scribe for direct dictation from God and that much of his teaching was preserved orally for a time.
Finally, while we're on the subject of reading the Torah/Tanakh, here are four rules that are employed to aid the reader in knowing when to read the text as literal and when as allegorical. It is allegorical:
1. Where the plain meaning is rejected by common experience.
2. Where it is repudiated by obvious logic.
3. Where it is contradicted by obvious scripture.
4. Where it is opposed by clear Talmudic tradition.
To cite Torah without Talmudic assistance is to miss the point of the book, even Christ was aware of that. It cannot be taken as a standalone and the be all and end all. As a basis for the New Testament what is referred to as the Old Testament is incomplete without the associated documents, indeed many of the internal contradictions are only reconciled in the oral traditions of Talmud and Midrash.
You are right - Christ was aware of it - and I will quote what he had to say about it shortly.
First, it is necessary to state, that, in this, Judaism is no different from Romanism. They both require additional authority to interpret the Scriptures. The name for this "authority" is tradition as you correctly identify above - "the oral traditions of Talmud and Midrash".
So here is Christ:
He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.
...
Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye. - Mark 7:6-9, 13
And remember the commandment in the Torah:
Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you. - Deuteronomy 4:2
Finally, I have a request.
You have stated that there are many "internal contradictions" in the Bible. Please give me just three examples.